Идеологически мотивации и радикализирани екосистеми: от радикализирани идентичности към onlife екосистеми

According to the text, what is the connection between motivation and identity in radicalisation?

Motivation and identity are unrelated, as motivation is purely ideological

Motivation can be connected to identity when individuals seek belonging in a group

Identity is formed before motivation develops, and they do not overlap

Motivation only exists in the planning of violent acts, not in identity formation

How does the text describe the role of ideology in linking motivation and identity within radicalisation processes?

Ideology replaces identity by providing a rigid framework that individuals must follow in radical groups

Ideology functions mainly as a communication strategy used by radical groups to recruit new members

Ideology acts as a trait d’union between motivation and identity by providing material and nourishment for creating and enhancing motivation for radicalisation and for structuring a radicalized identity

Ideology operates only at the institutional level and does not influence individual identity formation.

What are the four thematic areas used to study ecosystems in relation to radicalisation?

Politics, economics, communication, and family

Communication, identity, culture, and electronic technologies

Religion, ideology, violence, and social networks

Psychology, law, community, and education

What does the text say is observable when studying identity in the context of radicalisation?

The entirety of identity

The unconscious part of identity

Identity phenomenology (also called subjectivity or identity elements)

Only the general identity element

What are the three levels of identity phenomenology, and how do they differ in terms of agency?

Immediate, social, and institutional identity levels, where agency increases from institutional to immediate levels

Personal, collective, and ideological identity levels, where agency remains equal across all levels

Micro, meso, and macro identity levels, where agency increases with the expansion of social networks

Immediate identity element, continuous identity element, and general identity element, with agency decreasing from the immediate level to the general level

Which of the following correctly matches the three dimensions of communicative (inter)actions with their focus?

Micro = individuals; Meso = social networks; Macro = society and institutions

Micro = society; Meso = individuals; Macro = social networks

Micro = institutions; Meso = extended networks; Macro = family groups

Micro = discourses; Meso = practices; Macro = culture

According to the text, why is it important to pay attention to all environments (real and digital) when analysing radicalised ecosystems?

Because radicalisation only happens in places of worship and real-life groups

Because environments determine the legality of radicalisation

Because radicalisation can occur across different environments and humans can move between them

Because digital environments are more influential than real ones

What does the concept of “onlife” mean in relation to radicalisation?

It refers to radicalisation processes that occur exclusively in digital environments such as social media platforms

It defines the psychological effects of prolonged exposure to online extremist propaganda

It describes the separation between online radicalisation and offline social environments

It refers to the interconnected reality where individuals and radicalisation processes move across both real and digital environments, requiring new frameworks to understand interactions, processes, and networks

Which factor contributed to Maria Giulia Sergio’s radicalisation according to the text?

Her lack of education and poor grades

Her experiences of discrimination linked to her Islamic faith

Her grandmother’s refusal to convert to Islam

The influence of her first husband Jamal, who was a devout Muslim

Which psychological defence mechanism is associated with Mohammed Zahir Khan’s radicalisation process?

Undoing

Denial

Contradiction

Projection

What evidence suggests that Mohammed Zahir Khan was not fully identified with ISIS’s ideology?

He admitted being “reckless” with extremist content, felt part of his community, was upset about losing his shop, and sold alcohol, which is contrary to typical ISIS supporter behavior

He openly justified violent extremist actions and publicly declared full loyalty to ISIS’s ideology

He participated in organised extremist training and promoted strict ideological discipline among followers

He rejected his local community and actively promoted strict religious practices consistent with ISIS’s ideology

Which of the following was one of Mohammed Zahir Khan’s extremist online activities between 2016 and 2017?

Sharing videos of peaceful Islamic lectures

Creating a fake charity website to fund ISIS

Attending ISIS training camps abroad

Posting “Death to Shias” and defending beheadings on social media

What socio-political context contributed most to Golden Dawn’s rise in popularity?

Greece’s involvement in foreign wars

The financial and economic crisis of 2008 - 2009

An influx of refugees from the Balkans in the 1990s

Police collaboration in Athens

What kinds of community initiatives did Golden Dawn use to recruit and spread its ideology?

Online recruitment campaigns and encrypted messaging platforms targeting international audiences

Academic programmes and educational partnerships with universities promoting nationalist ideology

Government-sponsored social welfare programmes implemented through public institutions

Community initiatives such as the NGO Medicines avec Frontiers, blood donation campaigns for Greeks, and the distribution of free food and clothing to poor Greeks requiring proof of Greek origin

Which of the following incidents was pivotal in exposing Golden Dawn’s violent operations and leading to its classification as a criminal organisation?

The vandalism of a Holocaust memorial in Thessaloniki (2018)

Attacks on Egyptian fishermen in 2012

The murder of anti-fascist musician Pavlos Fyssas (2013)

The assault on Mayor Yannis Boutaris in 2018

Which of the following correctly describes the environmental dimension of Mohammed Zahir Khan’s radicalisation?

Real and digital environments (mosque, home, Skype, Facebook)

Digital environments only (mainly Facebook and Twitter)

Real environments only (parliament, squares, festivals)

Both real and digital, changing over the years

How does the ingroup vs. outgroup rhetoric differ between Maria Giulia Sergio and Golden Dawn?

Maria Giulia Sergio’s rhetoric identifies a single outgroup, while Golden Dawn constructs multiple outgroups

Maria Giulia Sergio uses multiple outgroups, while Golden Dawn focuses only on a single ideological opponent

Both of them identify only one outgroup defined by nationality

Golden Dawn does not use ingroup vs. outgroup rhetoric in its ideological communication

Which psychological mechanism was most associated with Maria Giulia Sergio’s radicalisation?

Group-serving bias

Dehumanization

Undoing

Contradiction

Which of the following best describes Mohammed Zahir Khan’s radicalised identity stratification?

All identity levels (micro, meso, macro) show continuous radicalisation

Only one immediate identity element is radicalised (being a propagandist online)

General identity elements are radicalised (being a member of a political party)

His radicalised identity is mainly tied to family networks

How do historical events differ in shaping radicalisation across the three ecosystems (Maria Giulia Sergio, Mohammed Zahir Khan, Golden Dawn)?

Golden Dawn was influenced primarily by domestic events, while Maria Giulia Sergio and Mohammed Zahir Khan were influenced by events occurring outside their countries

Radicalisation in all three ecosystems was shaped exclusively by domestic political events

Radicalisation in all three ecosystems was driven mainly by digital propaganda without reference to historical events

Historical events had no significant influence on the development of radicalised ecosystems

Which of the following statements about education and radicalisation is supported by the case studies?

Higher education always protects individuals from radicalisation

Lack of education is a primary driver of radicalisation

Education does not necessarily protect against radicalisation, as shown in Maria Giulia Sergio’s case

Only uneducated individuals engage in extremist propaganda

Why is a multimodal approach (text, images, videos, artefacts) necessary when studying radicalised ecosystems?

Because radicalisation only happens through written texts, not visuals.

Because all three cases used symbols, videos, or artefacts that carried ideological meaning.

Because videos are more powerful than speeches in spreading extremist propaganda.

Because multimodality eliminates the need to study ideology in depth.